Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market (2024-2030) Outlook | Revenue, Trends, Forecast, Growth, Companies, Share, Analysis, Size, Value & Industry

Market Forecast by Countries (China, India, Japan, Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Rest of Asia), By Type (Inorganics, Hydrocarbons, Fluorocarbons), By Application (Commercial Refrigeration, Industrial Refrigeration, Domestic Refrigeration, Stationary Air-conditioning, Mobile Air-conditioning, Others) And Competitive Landscape
Product Code: ETC4607275 Publication Date: Jul 2023 Updated Date: Jan 2024 Product Type: Report
Publisher: 6Wresearch No. of Pages: 200 No. of Figures: 90 No. of Tables: 300

Key Highlights of the Report:

  • Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Outlook
  • Market Size of Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market, 2023
  • Forecast of Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market, 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Revenues & Volume for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Trend Evolution
  • Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Drivers and Challenges
  • Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Price Trends
  • Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Porter's Five Forces
  • Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Industry Life Cycle
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Inorganics for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Hydrocarbons for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Fluorocarbons for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Inorganics for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Hydrocarbons for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Fluorocarbons for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Inorganics for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Hydrocarbons for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Fluorocarbons for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Inorganics for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Hydrocarbons for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Fluorocarbons for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Inorganics for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Hydrocarbons for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Fluorocarbons for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Inorganics for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Hydrocarbons for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Fluorocarbons for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Inorganics for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Hydrocarbons for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Fluorocarbons for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Inorganics for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Hydrocarbons for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Fluorocarbons for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Inorganics for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Hydrocarbons for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Fluorocarbons for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Commercial Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Domestic Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Stationary Air-conditioning for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Mobile Air-conditioning for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Commercial Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Domestic Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Stationary Air-conditioning for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Mobile Air-conditioning for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of China Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Commercial Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Domestic Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Stationary Air-conditioning for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Mobile Air-conditioning for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of India Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Commercial Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Domestic Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Stationary Air-conditioning for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Mobile Air-conditioning for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Japan Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Commercial Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Domestic Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Stationary Air-conditioning for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Mobile Air-conditioning for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Australia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Commercial Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Domestic Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Stationary Air-conditioning for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Mobile Air-conditioning for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Indonesia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Commercial Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Domestic Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Stationary Air-conditioning for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Mobile Air-conditioning for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Philippines Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Commercial Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Domestic Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Stationary Air-conditioning for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Mobile Air-conditioning for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Malaysia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Commercial Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Domestic Refrigeration for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Stationary Air-conditioning for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Mobile Air-conditioning for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Asia Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2020 - 2030
  • Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market - Key Performance Indicators
  • Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market - Import Export Trade Statistics
  • Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market - Opportunity Assessment By Countries
  • Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market - Opportunity Assessment By Type
  • Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market - Opportunity Assessment By Application
  • Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market - Top Companies Market Share
  • Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market - Top Companies Profiles
  • Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market - Comparison of Players in Technical and Operating Parameters
  • Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market - Strategic Recommendations
  • Markets Covered
  • Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market report provides a detailed analysis of the following market segments:
  • By Type :
  • Inorganics
  • Hydrocarbons
  • Fluorocarbons
  • By Application :
  • Commercial Refrigeration
  • Industrial Refrigeration
  • Domestic Refrigeration
  • Stationary Air-conditioning
  • Mobile Air-conditioning
  • Others
Frequently Asked Questions About the Market Study (FAQs):

How does 6W market outlook report help businesses in making decisions?

6W monitors the market across 60+ countries Globally, publishing an annual market outlook report that analyses trends, key drivers, Size, Volume, Revenue, opportunities, and market segments. This report offers comprehensive insights, helping businesses understand market dynamics and make informed decisions.

Do you also provide customisation in the market study?

Yes, we provide customisation as per your requirements. To learn more, feel free to contact us on sales@6wresearch.com

1 Executive Summary

2 Introduction

2.1 Key Highlights of the Report

2.2 Report Description

2.3 Market Scope & Segmentation

2.4 Research Methodology

2.5 Assumptions

3 Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Overview

3.1 Asia Pacific Regional Macro Economic Indicators

3.2 Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume, 2020 & 2030F

3.3 Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market - Industry Life Cycle

3.4 Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market - Porter's Five Forces

3.5 Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Countries, 2020 & 2030F

3.6 Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Type, 2020 & 2030F

3.7 Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Application, 2020 & 2030F

4 Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Dynamics

4.1 Impact Analysis

4.2 Market Drivers

4.3 Market Restraints

5 Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Trends

6 Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market, 2020 - 2030

6.1 Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type, 2020 - 2030

6.2 Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2020 - 2030

7 China Low GWP Refrigerants Market, 2020 - 2030

7.1 China Low GWP Refrigerants Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type, 2020 - 2030

7.2 China Low GWP Refrigerants Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2020 - 2030

8 India Low GWP Refrigerants Market, 2020 - 2030

8.1 India Low GWP Refrigerants Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type, 2020 - 2030

8.2 India Low GWP Refrigerants Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2020 - 2030

9 Japan Low GWP Refrigerants Market, 2020 - 2030

9.1 Japan Low GWP Refrigerants Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type, 2020 - 2030

9.2 Japan Low GWP Refrigerants Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2020 - 2030

10 Australia Low GWP Refrigerants Market, 2020 - 2030

10.1 Australia Low GWP Refrigerants Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type, 2020 - 2030

10.2 Australia Low GWP Refrigerants Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2020 - 2030

11 Indonesia Low GWP Refrigerants Market, 2020 - 2030

11.1 Indonesia Low GWP Refrigerants Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type, 2020 - 2030

11.2 Indonesia Low GWP Refrigerants Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2020 - 2030

12 Philippines Low GWP Refrigerants Market, 2020 - 2030

12.1 Philippines Low GWP Refrigerants Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type, 2020 - 2030

12.2 Philippines Low GWP Refrigerants Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2020 - 2030

13 Malaysia Low GWP Refrigerants Market, 2020 - 2030

13.1 Malaysia Low GWP Refrigerants Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type, 2020 - 2030

13.2 Malaysia Low GWP Refrigerants Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2020 - 2030

14 Rest of Asia Low GWP Refrigerants Market, 2020 - 2030

14.1 Rest of Asia Low GWP Refrigerants Market, Revenues & Volume, By Type, 2020 - 2030

14.2 Rest of Asia Low GWP Refrigerants Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2020 - 2030

11 Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Key Performance Indicators

12 Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market - Opportunity Assessment

12.1 Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Opportunity Assessment, By Countries, 2020 & 2030F

12.2 Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Opportunity Assessment, By Type, 2020 & 2030F

12.3 Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Opportunity Assessment, By Application, 2020 & 2030F

13 Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market - Competitive Landscape

13.1 Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Revenue Share, By Companies, 2023

13.2 Asia Pacific Low GWP Refrigerants Market Competitive Benchmarking, By Operating and Technical Parameters

14 Company Profiles

15 Recommendations

16 Disclaimer

Related Report Available


×
Go to New Report No! I want to read this
Pricing
  • Single User License
    $ 4,560
  • Department License
    $ 5,055
  • Site License
    $ 5,595
  • Global License
    $ 6,000
Buy Now
6Wresearch Support

Any Query

Call: +91-11-4302-4305
Email us: sales@6wresearch.com
Any Query? Click Here

Search

Related Reports

Industry Events and Analyst Meet

Gifts and Homeware Expo Saudi Arabia

Gifts and Homeware Expo Saudi Arabia

Kids and Toys Expo Saudi Arabia

Kids and Toys Expo Saudi Arabia

Stationery and Paper Expo Saudi Arabia

Stationery and Paper Expo Saudi Arabia

๐‹๐ข๐ ๐ก๐ญ + ๐ˆ๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ข๐ ๐ž๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฎ๐ข๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง๐  ๐Œ๐ข๐๐๐ฅ๐ž ๐„๐š๐ฌ๐ญ

๐‹๐ข๐ ๐ก๐ญ + ๐ˆ๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ข๐ ๐ž๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฎ๐ข๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง๐  ๐Œ๐ข๐๐๐ฅ๐ž ๐„๐š๐ฌ๐ญ

EV INDIA EXPO 2024

EV INDIA EXPO 2024

Our Clients

Airtel
Canon
Contec
HoneyWell
Kriloskar
Pwc Logo
Samsung
Tata Teleservices

Whitepaper

Read All

6WResearch In News

Read All
About Us

6Wresearch is the premier, one stop market intelligence and advisory center, known for its best in class business research and consulting activity. We provide industry research reports and consulting service across different industries and geographies which provide industry players an in-depth coverage and help them in decision making before investing or enter into a particular geography.

  • twitter logo
  • facebook logo
  • linkedin logo
Company
About Us
Events
Careers
Privacy Policy
Terms & Conditions
Delivery
Disclaimer
Contact Us
Services
ADVISORY & CONSULTING
FEASIBILITY STUDIES & BUSINESS PLAN
COMPETITORS INTELLIGENCE
CHANNEL & DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY
PROCUREMENT INTELLIGENCE
CUSTOMER BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
BUSINESS MODELS & KEY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS ANALYSIS
Verticals
Aerospace and Defense
Chemicals and Materials
Semiconductor and Electronics
Power, Utility and Oil & Gas
Heavy Industry
Telecom, Information & Communication Technology
Healthcare
Automotive
Consumer Staples
Banking, Financial and Legal Services
Metals and Minerals
Media and Entertainment
Miscellaneous
ยฉ2024 6Wresearch, All Right Reserved