Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Size Growth Rate
As per 6Wresearch, the global ammonium thiosulfate market is projected to continue on this trajectory. In 2025, the market was valued at approximately USD 350 million and is anticipated to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.8% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2031. By 2031, the market is expected to reach a valuation of over USD 580 million.
Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Highlights
Report Name |
Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market |
Forecast Period |
2025-2031 |
Market Size |
USD 580billion by 2031 |
CAGR |
6.8% |
Growing Sector |
Agriculture |
Topics Covered in the Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Report
The Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market report thoroughly covers the market by E Product Type, Application and Regions.The market report provides an unbiased and detailed analysis of the ongoing market trends, opportunities/high growth areas, and market drivers which would help the stakeholders to devise and align their market strategies according to the current and future market dynamics.
Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Synopsis
The global ammonium thiosulfate market has been experiencing a massive growth, influenced by the rising application of ammonium thiosulfate across various sectors, such as agriculture and industrial. Ammonium thiosulfate is majorly used as a nitrogen and sulfur-based fertilizer, which improve crop yield and soil quality. Additionally industrial sectors use it massively to serve various purposes such as wastewater treatment, photography, and in specific chemical processes.
Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market is expected to grow at a significant CAGR of 6.8% during the forecast period 2025-2031. Several major drivers proliferating the market growth. These drivers are the growing emphasis on sustainable agricultural approach, hence the farmerslooking for maximizing crop yields while decreasing environmental impact.The compound has made a valuable additionto modern fertilizers, owing to its capacity to improve & enhance nitrogen uptake while reducing nitrogen loss. Furthermore, the demand for ammonium thiosulfate has been increasing as an efficient nutrient source for crops, with the growing food production need, driven by increase in the population growth across the globe. Additionally, technological advancements in formulation across various sectors, including wastewater treatmentand industrial processes, are boosting the product's demand scope and Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market growth.
Market Challenges
Despite these growth factors, the ammonium thiosulfate market faces significant challenges. Fluctuating raw material costs present a persistent concern, as they can impact the affordability and accessibility of the compound, especially for cost-sensitive agricultural markets. Environmental concerns associated with the excessive use of fertilizers, including potential soil and water contamination, pose additional hurdles to widespread adoption. Addressing these challenges will require continued innovation, regulatory compliance, and efforts to educate end-users on the responsible use of the product.
Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Trends
The global ammonium thiosulfate market is experiencing steady growth, driven by increasing demand from the agriculture sector for sustainable and efficient fertilizers. Additionally, advancements in industrial technology have expanded its applications in water treatment and other chemical processes. Rising awareness about environmental sustainability is pushing industries to adopt ammonium thiosulfate as a preferred solution due to its relatively lower environmental impact compared to alternative chemicals.
Investment Opportunities in the Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market
The ammonium thiosulfate market presents various investment opportunities, especially in research and development for innovative applications in agriculture and industrial processes. Companies focusing on enhancing production efficiency and introducing eco-friendly variations of the product are likely to gain a competitive edge. The increasing focus on precision agriculture and the need for sustainable nutrient management systems also open avenues for strategic investments.
Leading Players of the Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market
The global ammonium thiosulfate market is marked by the presence of several prominent players driving innovation and expansion. Key industry leaders such as Tessenderlo Group, Koch Fertilizer, TIB Chemicals AG, and Kugler Company significantly contribute to the market's growth with their expertise in production and distribution.
Government Regulations Introduced in the Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market
Government regulations play a pivotal role in shaping the global ammonium thiosulfate market. Stringent environmental policies and guidelines surrounding fertilizer use and discharge have influenced the production and application of ammonium thiosulfate. Manufacturers are increasingly adopting sustainable practices to comply with these regulations, promoting the adoption of eco-friendly and low-emission solutions. Furthermore, initiatives aimed at encouraging sustainable agriculture and precision farming are being embraced globally, which drives demand while ensuring the environmental safety of ammonium thiosulfate products.
Future Insights of the Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market
The future of the global ammonium thiosulfate market appears promising, driven by advancements in agriculture and increasing emphasis on sustainability. The rising adoption of precision farming technologies and nutrient-efficient fertilizers is expected to boost the demand for ammonium thiosulfate. Emerging markets in Asia-Pacific and Latin America present untapped opportunities as agricultural practices modernize in these regions. Additionally, continuous research into more efficient production processes and enhanced application methods will likely revolutionize the market, ensuring its sustained growth in the coming years.
Market Segmentation Analysis
The report offers a comprehensive study of the subsequent market segments and their leading categories.
Agricultureto Dominate Market-By End-users
Agriculture is the dominant end-use sector for ammonium thiosulfate, owing to its critical importance in nutrient management and crop yield improvement. Other sectors, such as Industrial and Printing & Recorded Media Reproduction, also display steady growth, but the agricultural sector continues to outpace them in market share.
North America to Dominate Market-By Regions
According to Ravi Bhandari, Research Head, 6Wresearch,North America is currently leading the Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market due to the high demand for fertilizers in agricultural applications. The region's well-developed agricultural sector and the adoption of advanced farming techniques contribute significantly to the dominance of North America in the market.
Key Attractiveness of the Report
- 10 Years of Market Numbers.
- Historical Data Starting from 2021 to 2024.
- Base Year 2024
- Forecast Data until 2031.
- Key Performance Indicators Impacting the Market.
- Major Upcoming Developments and Projects.
Key Highlights of the Report:
- Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Outlook
- Market Size of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market, 2024
- Forecast of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market, 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Revenues & Volume for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Trend Evolution
- Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Drivers and Challenges
- Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Price Trends
- Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Porter's Five Forces
- Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Industry Life Cycle
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Form for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Solution for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Powder for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Form for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Solution for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Powder for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Form for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Solution for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Powder for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Form for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Solution for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Powder for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Form for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Solution for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Powder for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Form for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Solution for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Powder for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Form for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Solution for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Powder for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Photo grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Photo grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Photo grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Photo grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Photo grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Photo grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Photo grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial grade for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Fertilizers for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Water treatment products for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Surface treatment for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial fluids for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Photo chemicals for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Fertilizers for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Water treatment products for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Surface treatment for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial fluids for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Photo chemicals for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Fertilizers for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Water treatment products for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Surface treatment for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial fluids for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Photo chemicals for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Fertilizers for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Water treatment products for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Surface treatment for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial fluids for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Photo chemicals for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Fertilizers for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Water treatment products for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Surface treatment for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial fluids for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Photo chemicals for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Fertilizers for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Water treatment products for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Surface treatment for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial fluids for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Photo chemicals for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Fertilizers for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Water treatment products for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Surface treatment for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial fluids for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Photo chemicals for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By End-use for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Agriculture for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Printing & recorded media reproduction for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By End-use for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Agriculture for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Printing & recorded media reproduction for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of North America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By End-use for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Agriculture for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Printing & recorded media reproduction for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Latin America Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By End-use for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Agriculture for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Printing & recorded media reproduction for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Europe Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By End-use for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Agriculture for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Printing & recorded media reproduction for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Asia Pacific Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By End-use for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Agriculture for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Printing & recorded media reproduction for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By End-use for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Agriculture for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Printing & recorded media reproduction for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Industrial for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Historical Data and Forecast of Africa Ammonium Thiosulfate Market Revenues & Volume By Others for the Period 2021 - 2031
- Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market - Key Performance Indicators
- Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market - Import Export Trade Statistics
- Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market - Opportunity Assessment By Regions
- Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market - Opportunity Assessment By Form
- Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market - Opportunity Assessment By Grade
- Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market - Opportunity Assessment By Application
- Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market - Opportunity Assessment By End-use
- Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market - Top Companies Market Share
- Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market - Top Companies Profiles
- Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market - Comparison of Players in Technical and Operating Parameters
- Global Ammonium Thiosulfate Market - Strategic Recommendation
Markets Covered
Themarket report provides a detailed analysis of the following market segments
By Regions
- North America
- Latin America
- Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Middle East and Africa
By Form
By Grade
- Photo Grade
- Industrial Grade
By Application
- Fertilizers
- Water Treatment Products
- Surface Treatment
- Industrial Fluids
- Photo Chemicals
- Others
By End-Use
- Agriculture
- Printing & Recorded Media Reproduction
- Industrial
- Others