Middle East Fiber Optics Market (2024-2030) | Forecast, Share, Outlook, Analysis, Growth, Trends, Industry, Size, Companies, Value & Revenue

Market Forecast by Countries (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain and Turkey), By Fiber Type (Glass, Plastic), By Cable Type (Single-mode, Multi-mode), By Deployment (Underground, Underwater, Aerial), By Application (Communication, Non-communication) And Competitive Landscape

Product Code: ETC402266	Publication Date: Aug 2022	Updated Date: Jan 2024	Product Type: Market Research Report
Publisher: 6Wresearch	No. of Pages: 250	No. of Figures: 50	No. of Tables: 25

Key Highlights of the Report:

Middle East Fiber Optics Market Outlook
Market Size of Middle East Fiber Optics Market, 2020
Forecast of Middle East Fiber Optics Market, 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Fiber Optics Revenues & Volume for the Period 2020 - 2030
Middle East Fiber Optics Market Trend Evolution
Middle East Fiber Optics Market Drivers and Challenges
Middle East Fiber Optics Price Trends
Middle East Fiber Optics Porter's Five Forces
Middle East Fiber Optics Industry Life Cycle
Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Fiber Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Glass for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Plastic for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Saudi Arabia Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Fiber Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Saudi Arabia Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Glass for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Saudi Arabia Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Plastic for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of UAE Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Fiber Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of UAE Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Glass for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of UAE Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Plastic for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Qatar Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Fiber Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Qatar Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Glass for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Qatar Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Plastic for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Kuwait Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Fiber Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Kuwait Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Glass for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Kuwait Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Plastic for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Oman Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Fiber Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Oman Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Glass for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Oman Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Plastic for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Bahrain Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Fiber Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Bahrain Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Glass for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Bahrain Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Plastic for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Turkey Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Fiber Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Turkey Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Glass for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Turkey Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Plastic for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Fiber Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Glass for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Plastic for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Cable Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Single-mode for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Multi-mode for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Saudi Arabia Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Cable Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Saudi Arabia Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Single-mode for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Saudi Arabia Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Multi-mode for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of UAE Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Cable Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of UAE Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Single-mode for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of UAE Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Multi-mode for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Qatar Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Cable Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Qatar Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Single-mode for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Qatar Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Multi-mode for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Kuwait Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Cable Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Kuwait Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Single-mode for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Kuwait Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Multi-mode for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Oman Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Cable Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Oman Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Single-mode for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Oman Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Multi-mode for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Bahrain Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Cable Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Bahrain Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Single-mode for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Bahrain Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Multi-mode for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Turkey Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Cable Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Turkey Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Single-mode for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Turkey Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Multi-mode for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Cable Type for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Single-mode for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Multi-mode for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Deployment for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Underground for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Underwater for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Aerial for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Saudi Arabia Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Deployment for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Saudi Arabia Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Underground for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Saudi Arabia Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Underwater for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Saudi Arabia Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Aerial for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of UAE Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Deployment for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of UAE Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Underground for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of UAE Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Underwater for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of UAE Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Aerial for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Qatar Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Deployment for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Qatar Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Underground for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Qatar Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Underwater for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Qatar Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Aerial for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Kuwait Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Deployment for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Kuwait Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Underground for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Kuwait Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Underwater for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Kuwait Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Aerial for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Oman Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Deployment for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Oman Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Underground for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Oman Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Underwater for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Oman Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Aerial for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Bahrain Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Deployment for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Bahrain Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Underground for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Bahrain Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Underwater for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Bahrain Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Aerial for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Turkey Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Deployment for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Turkey Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Underground for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Turkey Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Underwater for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Turkey Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Aerial for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Deployment for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Underground for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Underwater for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Aerial for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Communication for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Non-communication for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Saudi Arabia Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Saudi Arabia Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Communication for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Saudi Arabia Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Non-communication for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of UAE Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of UAE Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Communication for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of UAE Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Non-communication for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Qatar Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Qatar Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Communication for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Qatar Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Non-communication for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Kuwait Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Kuwait Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Communication for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Kuwait Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Non-communication for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Oman Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Oman Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Communication for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Oman Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Non-communication for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Bahrain Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Bahrain Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Communication for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Bahrain Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Non-communication for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Turkey Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Turkey Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Communication for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Turkey Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Non-communication for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Application for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Communication for the Period 2020 - 2030
Historical Data and Forecast of Rest of Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume By Non-communication for the Period 2020 - 2030
Middle East Fiber Optics Market - Key Performance Indicators
Middle East Fiber Optics Market - Import Export Trade Statistics
Middle East Fiber Optics Market - Opportunity Assessment By Countries
Middle East Fiber Optics Market - Opportunity Assessment By Fiber Type
Middle East Fiber Optics Market - Opportunity Assessment By Cable Type
Middle East Fiber Optics Market - Opportunity Assessment By Deployment
Middle East Fiber Optics Market - Opportunity Assessment By Application
Middle East Fiber Optics Market - Top Companies Market Share
Middle East Fiber Optics Market - Top Companies Profiles
Middle East Fiber Optics Market - Comparison of Players in Technical and Operating Parameters
Middle East Fiber Optics Market - Strategic Recommendations

Frequently Asked Questions About the Market Study (FAQs):

How does 6W market outlook report help businesses in making decisions?

Do you also provide customisation in the market study?

1 Executive Summary

2 Introduction

2.1 Key Highlights of the Report

2.2 Report Description

2.3 Market Scope & Segmentation

2.4 Research Methodology

2.5 Assumptions

3 Middle East Fiber Optics Market Overview

3.1 Middle East Regional Macro Economic Indicators

3.2 Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume, 2020 & 2030F

3.3 Middle East Fiber Optics Market - Industry Life Cycle

3.4 Middle East Fiber Optics Market - Porter's Five Forces

3.5 Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Countries, 2020 & 2030F

3.6 Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Fiber Type , 2020 & 2030F

3.7 Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Cable Type, 2020 & 2030F

3.8 Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Deployment, 2020 & 2030F

3.9 Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenues & Volume Share, By Form, 2020 & 2030F

4 Middle East Fiber Optics Market Dynamics

4.1 Impact Analysis

4.2 Market Drivers

4.3 Market Restraints

5 Middle East Fiber Optics Market Trends

6 Saudi Arabia Fiber Optics Market, 2020 - 2030

6.1.1 Saudi Arabia Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Fiber Type , 2020 - 2030

6.1.2 Saudi Arabia Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Cable Type, 2020 - 2030

6.1.3 Saudi Arabia Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Deployment, 2020 - 2030

6.1.4 Saudi Arabia Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2020 - 2030

7 UAE Fiber Optics Market, 2020 - 2030

7.1 UAE Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Fiber Type , 2020 - 2030

7.2 UAE Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Cable Type, 2020 - 2030

7.3 UAE Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Deployment, 2020 - 2030

7.4 UAE Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2020 - 2030

8 Qatar Fiber Optics Market, 2020 - 2030

8.1 Qatar Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Fiber Type , 2020 - 2030

8.2 Qatar Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Cable Type, 2020 - 2030

8.3 Qatar Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Deployment, 2020 - 2030

8.4 Qatar Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2020 - 2030

9 Kuwait Fiber Optics Market, 2020 - 2030

9.1 Kuwait Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Fiber Type , 2020 - 2030

9.2 Kuwait Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Cable Type, 2020 - 2030

9.3 Kuwait Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Deployment, 2020 - 2030

9.4 Kuwait Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2020 - 2030

10 Oman Fiber Optics Market, 2020 - 2030

10.1 Oman Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Fiber Type , 2020 - 2030

10.2 Oman Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Cable Type, 2020 - 2030

10.3 Oman Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Deployment, 2020 - 2030

10.4 Oman Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2020 - 2030

11 Bahrain Fiber Optics Market, 2020 - 2030

11.1 Bahrain Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Fiber Type , 2020 - 2030

11.2 Bahrain Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Cable Type, 2020 - 2030

11.3 Bahrain Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Deployment, 2020 - 2030

11.4 Bahrain Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2020 - 2030

12 Turkey Fiber Optics Market, 2020 - 2030

12.1 Turkey Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Fiber Type , 2020 - 2030

12.2 Turkey Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Cable Type, 2020 - 2030

12.3 Turkey Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Deployment, 2020 - 2030

12.4 Turkey Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2020 - 2030

13 Rest of Middle East Fiber Optics Market, 2020 - 2030

13.1 Rest of Middle East Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Fiber Type , 2020 - 2030

13.2 Rest of Middle East Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Cable Type, 2020 - 2030

13.3 Rest of Middle East Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Deployment, 2020 - 2030

13.4 Rest of Middle East Fiber Optics Market, Revenues & Volume, By Application, 2020 - 2030

14 Middle East Fiber Optics Market Key Performance Indicators

15 Middle East Fiber Optics Market - Opportunity Assessment

15.1 Middle East Fiber Optics Market Opportunity Assessment, By Countries, 2020 & 2030F

15.2 Middle East Fiber Optics Market Opportunity Assessment, By Fiber Type , 2020 & 2030F

15.3 Middle East Fiber Optics Market Opportunity Assessment, By Cable Type, 2020 & 2030F

15.4 Middle East Fiber Optics Market Opportunity Assessment, By Deployment, 2020 & 2030F

15.5 Middle East Fiber Optics Market Opportunity Assessment, By Application, 2020 & 2030F

16 Middle East Fiber Optics Market - Competitive Landscape

16.1 Middle East Fiber Optics Market Revenue Share, By Companies, 2020

16.2 Middle East Fiber Optics Market Competitive Benchmarking, By Operating and Technical Parameters

17 Company Profiles

18 Recommendations

19 Disclaimer

Latin America Fiber Optics Market

Africa Fiber Optics Market Outlook

Asia Pacific Fiber Optics Market

North America Fiber Optics Market

Europe Fiber Optics Market

United States (US) Fiber Optics Market Outlook

Brazil Fiber Optics Market Outlook

Mexico Fiber Optics Market Outlook

Colombia Fiber Optics Market Outlook

Argentina Fiber Optics Market Outlook

Pricing

Single User License
$ 4,560
Department License
$ 5,055
Site License
$ 5,595
Global License
$ 6,000

Buy Now

Any Query

Call: +91-11-4302-4305
Email us: sales@6wresearch.com

Any Query? Click Here

Related Reports

Doors Windows and Facades Expo

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚 𝐏𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐲 𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐨

EV Tech India Expo 2025

Gifts and Homeware Expo Saudi Arabia

Kids and Toys Expo Saudi Arabia

Whitepaper

Middle East & Africa Commercial Security Market Click here to view more.
Middle East & Africa Fire Safety Systems & Equipment Market Click here to view more.
GCC Drone Market Click here to view more.
Middle East Lighting Fixture Market Click here to view more.
GCC Physical & Perimeter Security Market Click here to view more.

Read All

6WResearch In News

Read All

Key Highlights of the Report:

Frequently Asked Questions About the Market Study (FAQs):

Related Report Available

Any Query

Search

Related Reports

Industry Events and Analyst Meet

Doors Windows and Facades Expo

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚 𝐏𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐲 𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐨

EV Tech India Expo 2025

Gifts and Homeware Expo Saudi Arabia

Kids and Toys Expo Saudi Arabia

Our Clients

Whitepaper

6WResearch In News

About Us

Company

Services

Verticals

©2025 6Wresearch, All Right Reserved